Pediatric Urology is a subspecialty of urology dealing with congenital and acquired genitourinary conditions in children (newborn to adolescence).

• Hypospadias: Urethral opening on underside of penis; surgical correction ~6–18 months of age.
• Cryptorchidism:Undescended testis; orchiopexy ideally by 12–18 months to reduce malignancy/infertility risk.
• Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR):Retrograde urine flow from bladder to ureters/kidneys; can cause recurrent UTIs; managed with prophylaxis or surgery
• Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV):Congenital obstructive membranes in male posterior urethra; antenatal diagnosis possible; requires early intervention.
• Hydronephrosis:Dilation of renal pelvis/calyces; can be physiologic or pathological (e.g., PUJ obstruction).
• Phimosis/Paraphimosis:Non-retractable foreskin; pathological if causing symptoms or infections.
• Neurogenic Bladder:Common in spina bifida; requires urodynamic studies, clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), sometimes surgery.